D. Acemoglu and J. S. Pischke, Changes in the wage structure, family income, and children's education, European Economic Review, vol.45, issue.4-6, pp.890-904, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00115-5

J. G. Altonji and T. A. Dunn, Relationships among the Family Incomes and Labor Market Outcomes of Relatives, Research in Labor Economics, pp.269-310, 1991.

C. A. Anderson, A Skeptical Note on the Relation of Vertical Mobility to Education, American Journal of Sociology, vol.66, issue.6, pp.560-570, 1961.
DOI : 10.1086/223005

O. Ashenfelter and A. B. Krueger, Estimates of the Returns to Schooling from a New Sample of Twins, American Economic Review, vol.84, issue.5, pp.1157-73, 1994.

O. Ashenfelter and D. Zimmerman, Estimates of the Returns to Schooling from Sibling Data: Fathers, Sons, and Brothers, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.79, issue.1, pp.1-9, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2281644

A. B. Atkinson, A. K. Maynard, and C. G. Trinder, Parents and Children: Incomes in Two Generations, Heinemann), 1983.

M. Baker and G. Solon, Earnings Dynamics and Inequality among Canadian Men, 1976???1992: Evidence from Longitudinal Income Tax Records, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.21, issue.2, pp.289-321, 1976.
DOI : 10.1086/345559

A. Banerjee and A. Newman, Occupational Choice and the Process of Development, Journal of Political Economy, vol.101, issue.2, pp.274-98, 1993.
DOI : 10.1086/261876

V. Barham, R. Boadway, M. Marchand, and P. Pestieau, Education and the poverty trap, European Economic Review, vol.39, issue.7, pp.1257-1275, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(94)00040-7

P. C. Bauer and R. T. Riphahn, Kindergarten enrolment and the intergenerational transmission of education', IZA Discussion paper, 2009.

G. Becker and N. Tomes, Child Endowments and the Quantity and Quality of Children, Journal of Political Economy, vol.84, issue.4, Part 2, pp.143-162, 1976.
DOI : 10.1086/260536

G. Becker and N. Tomes, An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility, Journal of Political Economy, vol.87, issue.6, pp.1153-89, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/260831

G. Becker and N. Tomes, Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.4, issue.3, Part 2, pp.1-39, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/298118

J. Behrman and P. Taubman, Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the United States: Some Estimates and a Test of Becker's Intergenerational Endowments Model, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.67, issue.1, pp.141-51, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/1928446

R. Benabou, Workings of a City: Location, Education, and Production, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.108, issue.3, pp.619-52, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/2118403

R. Benabou, Human capital, inequality, and growth: A local perspective, European Economic Review, vol.38, issue.3-4, pp.817-843, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(94)90118-X

R. Benabou, Inequality and Growth', NBER Macroeconomics Annual, pp.11-74, 1996.

R. Benabou, Heterogeneity, stratification and growth: macroeconomic implications of community structure and school finance, American Economic Review, vol.86, pp.584-609, 1996.
DOI : 10.3386/w4311

R. Benabou, Equity and Efficiency in Human Capital Investment: The Local Connection, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.63, issue.2, pp.237-64, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2297851

B. Ben-halima, N. Chusseau, and J. Hellier, Skill Premia and Intergenerational Skill Transmission: The French Case, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.2276448

G. Bertocchi and M. Spagat, The evolution of modern educational systems, Journal of Development Economics, vol.73, issue.2, pp.559-82, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.05.003

C. E. Bidwell and N. E. Friedkin, The sociology of Education, 1988.

A. Björklund and M. Jäntti, Intergenerational Income Mobility in Sweden Compared to the United States, American Economic Review, vol.87, issue.5, pp.1009-1027, 1997.

A. Björklund and M. Jäntti, Intergenerational income mobility and the role of family background, Handbook of Economic Inequality, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199606061.013.0020

A. Björklund, M. Lindahl, and E. Plug, The Origins of Intergenerational Associations: Lessons from Swedish Adoption Data*, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.121, issue.3, pp.999-1028, 2006.
DOI : 10.1162/qjec.121.3.999

A. Björklund, T. Eriksson, M. Jäntti, O. Raaum, and E. Österbacka, Brother correlations in earnings in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden compared to the United States, Journal of Population Economics, vol.15, issue.4, pp.757-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s001480100095

S. Black and P. Devereux, Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobility, Handbook of Labor Economics 4B, pp.1487-541, 2011.

S. E. Black, P. J. Devereux, and K. G. Salvanes, Why the Apple Doesn???t Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital, American Economic Review, vol.95, issue.1, pp.437-486, 2005.
DOI : 10.1257/0002828053828635

S. E. Black, P. J. Devereux, and K. G. Salvanes, Like father, like son? A note on the intergenerational transmission of IQ scores, Economics Letters, vol.105, issue.1, pp.138-178, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.econlet.2009.06.022

J. Blanden, A. Goodman, P. Gregg, and S. Machin, Changes in intergenerational mobility in Britain, Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511492549.007

K. Borissov and S. Lambrecht, Growth and Distribution in an AK-Model with Endogenous Impatience', Economic Theory, pp.93-112, 2009.

R. Boudon, English edition: 1974, Education, Opportunity, and Social Inequality: Changing Prospects in Western Society, 1973.

P. Bourdieu and J. Passeron, La reproduction. Eléments pour une théorie du système d'enseignement (Paris : Editions de minuit), Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, 1970.

S. Bowles and H. Gintis, Schooling in capitalist America: Educational reform and the contradictions of economic life, 1976.

E. Bratberg, O. A. Nielsen, and K. Vaage, Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in Norway: Levels and Trends*, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.82, issue.3, pp.419-454, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03010-2

S. Burgess and . Briggs, School assignment, school choice and social mobility, Economics of Education Review, vol.29, issue.4, pp.639-688, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.econedurev.2009.10.011

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.147.9251

P. Carneiro and J. Heckman, Human Capital Policy, 2003.

D. Checchi, C. Fiorio, and M. Leonardi, Intergenerational persistence of educational attainment in Italy, Economics Letters, vol.118, issue.1, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.econlet.2012.10.033

A. Chevalier, K. Denny, and D. Mcmahon, A Multi-country study of inter-generational educational mobility, Across Europe, 2009.

N. Chusseau and J. Hellier, Educational systems, intergenerational mobility and social segmentation, European Journal of Comparative Economics, vol.8, issue.2, pp.255-86, 2011.

M. Corak and A. Heisz, The Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility of Canadian Men: Evidence from Longitudinal Income Tax Data, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.34, issue.3, pp.504-537, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/146378

K. A. Couch and T. A. Dunn, Intergenerational Correlations in Labor Market Status: A Comparison of the United States and Germany, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.32, issue.1, pp.210-242, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/146246

S. Dale and A. Krueger, Estimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of Selection on Observables and Unobservables, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.117, issue.4, pp.1491-527, 2002.
DOI : 10.1162/003355302320935089

K. Daniel, D. Black, and J. Smith, College quality and the wages of young men, 1995.

C. Daymon and C. Gimet, An empirical test of the inequality trap concept, Economics Letters, vol.105, issue.2, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.econlet.2009.07.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00451516

L. Dearden, L. Mcgranahan, and B. Sianesi, The role of credit constraints in educational choices: evidence from the NCDS and BCS70', Centre for the Economics of Education Working Paper, 2004.

L. Dearden, S. Machin, and H. Reed, Intergenerational Mobility in Britain, The Economic Journal, vol.107, issue.440, pp.47-66, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0297.00141

R. A. Driskill and A. Horowitz, Investment in Hierarchical Human Capital, Review of Development Economics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.48-58, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9361.00139

S. Durlauf, Spillovers, stratification, and inequality, European Economic Review, vol.38, issue.3-4, pp.836-881, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(94)90120-1

S. Durlauf, A theory of persistent income inequality, Journal of Economic Growth, vol.82, issue.1, pp.75-93, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00163343

E. R. Eide and M. H. Showalter, Factors Affecting the Transmission of Earnings across Generations: A Quantile Regression Approach, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.34, issue.2, pp.253-67, 1999.
DOI : 10.2307/146345

A. Fabre and S. Moullet, Externalités de l'éducation et mobilité intergénérationnelle : application au cas français, Economie et Prévision, vol.5, issue.166, pp.19-37, 2004.

J. K. Galbraith and H. Kum, Inequality and Economic Growth. A Global View based on Meausures of Pay', CESifo Economic Studies, pp.527-56, 2003.

O. Galor and D. Tsiddon, The distribution of human capital and economic growth, Journal of Economic Growth, vol.2, issue.1, pp.93-124, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009785714248

O. Galor and J. Zeira, Income Distribution and Macroeconomics, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.60, issue.1, pp.35-52, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/2297811

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.636.8225

D. Goux and E. Maurin, Close Neighbours Matter: Neighbourhood Effects on Early Performance at School, The Economic Journal, vol.41, issue.4, pp.1-24, 2007.
DOI : 10.1162/003465303762687677

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00754197

M. Gradstein and M. Justman, Education, Social Cohesion, and Economic Growth, American Economic Review, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1192-204, 2002.
DOI : 10.1257/00028280260344722

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.486.2880

N. D. Grawe, Reconsidering the Use of Nonlinearities in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility as a Test for Credit Constraints, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.39, issue.3, pp.813-840, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/3558998

N. D. Grawe, Lifecycle bias in estimates of intergenerational earnings persistence, Labour Economics, vol.13, issue.5, pp.551-70, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.labeco.2005.04.002

E. Gronqvist, B. Ockert, and J. Vlachos, The Intergenerational transmission of cognitive and non-cognitive abilities, 2009.

B. Gustafsson, THE DEGREE AND PATTERN OF INCOME IMMOBILITY IN SWEDEN, Review of Income and Wealth, vol.82, issue.1, pp.67-86, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0049-089X(90)90013-9

S. J. Haider and G. Solon, Life-Cycle Variation in the Association between Current and Lifetime Earnings, The American Economic Review, vol.96, issue.4, pp.1308-1328, 2006.
DOI : 10.1257/000282806779468508

G. Heineck and R. T. Riphahn, Intergenerational transmission of educational attainment in Germany: The last five decades', IZA Discussion Paper, p.2985, 2007.

T. Hertz, T. Jayasundera, P. Piraino, S. Selcuk, N. Smith et al., The Inheritance of Educational Inequality: International Comparisons and Fifty-Year Trends, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, vol.7, issue.2, 2007.
DOI : 10.2202/1935-1682.1775

H. Holmlund, M. Lindahl, and E. Plug, The Causal Effect of Parents' Schooling on Children's Schooling: A Comparison of Estimation Methods, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.49, issue.3, pp.615-51, 2011.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.49.3.615

A. Ichino, L. Karabarbounis, and E. Moretti, The political economy of intergenerational income mobility', IZA Discussion Paper, 2009.

G. Isacsson, Estimates of the return to schooling in Sweden from a large sample of twins, Labour Economics, vol.6, issue.4, pp.471-89, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-5371(98)00014-1

M. Jännti and E. Österbacka, How much of the variance in income can be attributed to family background? Empirical Evidence from Finland, 1996.

M. Jäntti, B. Bratsberg, K. Røed, O. Raaum, R. Naylor et al., American exceptionalism in a new light: A comparison of intergenerational earnings mobility in the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, 1938.

J. P. Jarousse and A. Mingat, Un reexamen du modele de gains de Mincer, Revue ??conomique, vol.37, issue.6, pp.999-1031, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/3501710

A. C. Kerckhoff, Transition from School to Work in Comparative Perspective, Handbook of the Sociology of education, pp.253-74, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/0-387-36424-2_21

C. Lee and G. Solon, Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility, 2006.

C. Lee and G. Solon, Trends in Intergenerational Income Mobility, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.82, issue.3, pp.766-72, 2009.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.89.2.1

A. Lefranc and A. Trannoy, Intergenerational earnings mobility in France: Is France more mobile than the US?', Annales d'Economie et de Statistique, pp.57-77, 2005.

G. Loury, Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings, Econometrica, vol.49, issue.4, pp.843-67, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/1912506

S. Machin, Education expansion and intergenerational mobility in Britain, Schools and the equal opportunity problem, 2007.

Y. D. Maoz and O. Moav, Intergenerational mobility and the process of development', The Economic Journal, pp.677-98, 1999.

S. E. Mayer and L. M. Lopoo, What do trends in the intergenerational economic mobility of sons and daughters in the United States mean?, Generational income mobility in North America and Europe, pp.90-121, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511492549.006

S. E. Mayer and L. M. Lopoo, Government spending and intergenerational mobility, Journal of Public Economics, vol.92, issue.1-2, pp.139-58, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2007.04.003

B. Mazumder, Fortunate Sons: New Estimates of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States Using Social Security Earnings Data, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.82, issue.5, pp.235-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.2307/146023

B. Mazumder, Sibling similarities and economic inequality in the US, Journal of Population Economics, vol.149, issue.3, pp.685-701, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00148-006-0127-2

P. Miller, C. Mulvey, and N. Martin, What do twins studies reveal about the economic returns to education? A comparison of Australian and U.S. findings, American Economic Review, vol.85, pp.586-99, 1995.

O. Moav and Z. Neeman, Saving Rates and Poverty: The Role of Conspicuous Consumption and Human Capital, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.1727272

D. Mookherjee and D. Ray, Persistent Inequality, Review of Economic Studies, vol.70, issue.2, pp.369-93, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-937X.00248

URL : http://restud.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/70/2/369

C. B. Mulligan, Parental priorities and economic inequality, 1997.

C. Nicoletti and J. Ermisch, Intergenerational Earnings Mobility: Changes across Cohorts in Britain, The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, vol.7, issue.2, 2007.
DOI : 10.2202/1935-1682.1755

M. R. Olneck, On the use of sibling data to estimate the effects of family background, cognitive skills and schooling: results from the Kalamazoo brothers study Kinometrics: determinants of socioeconomic success within and between families, 1977.

H. Ono, College Quality and Earnings in the Japanese Labor Market, Industrial Relations, vol.11, issue.3, pp.595-617, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/260821

P. Oreopoulos, The Long-Run Consequences of Living in a Poor Neighborhood, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.118, issue.4, pp.1533-75, 2003.
DOI : 10.1162/003355303322552865

E. Österbacka, Family Background and Economic Status in Finland, Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.103, issue.3, pp.467-84, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9442.00255

T. Österberg, INTERGENERATIONAL INCOME MOBILITY IN SWEDEN: WHAT DO TAX-DATA SHOW?, Review of Income and Wealth, vol.83, issue.1, pp.421-457, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0297.00141

M. E. Page and G. Solon, Correlations between Brothers and Neighboring Boys in Their Adult Earnings: The Importance of Being Urban, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.21, issue.4, pp.831-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/377021

S. Pekkala and R. E. Lucas, Differences across Cohorts in Finnish Intergenerational Income Mobility, Industrial Relations, vol.12, issue.1, pp.81-111, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(96)00044-X

T. Pekkarinen, R. Uusitalo, and S. Kerr, School tracking and intergenerational income mobility: Evidence from the Finnish comprehensive school reform, Journal of Public Economics, vol.93, issue.7-8, pp.965-73, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2009.04.006

T. Piketty, Theories of Persistent Inequality and Intergenerational Mobility, Handbook of Income Distribution, pp.429-76, 2000.

T. Piketty and M. Valdenaire, L'impact de la taille des classes sur la réussite scolaire dans les écoles, collèges et lycées français Estimations à partir du panel primaire 1997 et du panel secondaire 1995, Les dossiers du Ministère de l'Education Nationale, 2006.

E. Plug and W. Vijverberg, Schooling, family background, and adoption: does family income matter, 2001.

G. Psacharopoulos, Returns to investment in education: a global update', World Development, pp.1325-1368, 1994.

O. Raaum, K. G. Salvanes, and E. O. Sorensen, The neighborhood is not what it used to be, Economic Journal, vol.116, pp.200-222, 2006.

D. Ray, On the dynamics of inequality, Economic Theory, vol.13, issue.1, pp.291-306, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00199-005-0021-2

C. E. Rouse, Further estimates of the economic return to schooling from a new sample of twins', Working Paper No. 388, 1997.

B. Sacerdote, How Large are the Effects from Changes in Family Environment? A Study of Korean American Adoptees, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.122, issue.1, pp.119-57, 2007.
DOI : 10.1162/qjec.122.1.119

Y. Shavit and W. Muller, Vocational Secondary Education, Tracking, and Social Stratification, Handbook of the Sociology of education, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/0-387-36424-2_20

J. Shea, Does parents??? money matter?, Journal of Public Economics, vol.77, issue.2, pp.155-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00087-0

G. Solon, Intergenerational income mobility in the United States, American Economic Review, vol.82, pp.393-408, 1992.

G. Solon, Intergenerational Mobility in the Labor Market, Labor Economics, vol.3, pp.1761-800, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S1573-4463(99)03010-2

G. Solon, Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.16, issue.3, pp.59-66, 2002.
DOI : 10.1257/089533002760278712

G. Solon, M. Page, and G. Duncan, Correlations between Neighboring Children in Their Subsequent Educational Attainment, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.82, issue.3, pp.383-92, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/257839

G. Solon, M. Corcoran, R. B. Gordon, and D. Laren, A Longitudinal Analysis of Sibling Correlations in Economic Status, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.26, issue.3, pp.388-96, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/146023

P. Sorokin, Social and cultural mobility, 1959.

X. Su, The allocation of public funds in a hierarchical educational system, Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, vol.28, issue.12, pp.2485-510, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jedc.2004.01.003

C. Thelot, Tel père, tel fils. Position sociale et origine familiale, 1982.

M. Weber, 1946 Edition: The theory of social and economic organisation, 1906.

J. Wiegand, Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in Germany, 1997.

L. Wössmann, Specifying Human Capital, Journal of Economic Surveys, vol.64, issue.2, pp.239-70, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00116-7

D. J. Zimmerman, Regression toward mediocrity in economic stature, American Economic Review, vol.82, pp.409-438, 1992.

N. Chusseau and J. Hellier, Inequality in Emerging Countries
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00993411

N. Chusseau and M. Dumont, Growing Income Inequalities in Advanced
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00993359

K. Borissov and S. Lambrecht, The dynamics of income inequality in a growthmodel with human capital and occupational choice

T. Baudin, More on Religion and Fertility: The French Connection
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00993310

H. Bennani, National influences inside the ECB: an assessment from central bankers' statements
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00992646

M. Drut, Vers un système de transport opérant selon les principes de l'économie de la fonctionnalité

J. Fagnart and M. Germain, Macro??conomie du court terme et politique climatique??: quelques le??ons d'un mod??le d'offre et demande globales, Recherches ??conomiques de Louvain, vol.80, issue.1
DOI : 10.3917/rel.801.0031

URL : http://hal.univ-lille3.fr/hal-00992050/file/23924_2012_-_18_DT.pdf

R. Mendez, Predatory Lending
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00991948

C. Ley, Y. Swan, and T. Verdebout, Optimal tests for the twosample spherical location problem
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00991919

J. Garnier, Social status, a new source of fluctuations

J. Garnier, Sunspots, cycles and adjustment costs in the twosectors model Optimal Fiscal Devaluation

M. Germain, Equilibres et effondrement dans le cadre d'un cycle naturel
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00989886

M. Hallin, D. Paindaveine, T. Verdebout-balestra, T. Bréchet, and S. Lambrecht, Optimal Rank-based Tests for Common Principal Components Property rights with biological spillovers: when Hardin meets Meade